The validation of a Japanese version of the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q) and investigate its validity and reliability. METHODS: After translating the NFOG-Q according to a standardised protocol, 56 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were administered it. Additionally, the MDS-UPDRS parts II and III, Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, and number of falls over 1 month were evaluated. Spearman's correlation coefficients (rho) were used to determine construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha (α) was used to examine reliability. RESULTS: The interquartile range of the NFOG-Q scores was 10.0-25.3 (range 0-29). The NFOG-Q scores were strongly correlated with the MDS-UPDRS part II, items 2.12 (walking and balance), 2.13 (freezing), 3.11 (freezing of gait), and 3.12 (postural stability) and the postural instability and gait difficulty score (rho = 0.515-0.669), but only moderately related to the MDS-UPDRS item 3.10 (gait), number of falls, disease duration, H&Y stage, and time of the Timed Up-and-Go test (rho = 0.319-0.434). No significant correlations were observed between age and the time of the 10-m walk test. The internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The Japanese version of the NFOG-Q is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the severity of freezing in patients with PD.

Constraint-induced Aphasia Therapy Improves the Use of Spoken Language and Word-finding Ability in Chronic Subcortical Aphasia: A Case Report.

Background: Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) has been reported as a short-term, intensive language training program for improving language function in patients with chronic aphasia. We report the recovery of language function in a patient with chronic aphasia who was evaluated in the baseline assessment as having reached a plateau. Case: The patient with subcortical aphasia was a 62-year-old, right-handed man. At 192 days after left putamen hemorrhage, he visited our hospital to begin CIAT. The patient's language and speech abilities were evaluated 1 month before and immediately before the start of CIAT. To evaluate the training effect, language function was assessed immediately after, 1 month after, 3 months after, and 6 months after the end of CIAT. The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), the single-word-naming task in the Test of Lexical Processing in Aphasia (TLPA), and the Verbal Activity Log (VAL) were used to assess his language function and the amount of spoken language. From 1 month before CIAT to 6 months after CIAT, the WAB Aphasia Quotient increased by 6.1 points. Compared with before therapy, the errors of apraxia of speech in the TLPA disappeared from immediately after to 6 months after CIAT. Although the VAL score at 3 months after CIAT was higher than that before the start of CIAT, the score decreased after 6 months because of reduced opportunities for communication with friends. Discussion: CIAT improved the word-naming ability and amount of spontaneous, real-world spoken language in a patient with chronic aphasia.

Mediolateral Postural Control during Gait in Parkinson's Disease.

Objectives: Balance in the mediolateral direction is usually maintained in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD), but not in moderate-stage PD as revealed by the Tandem Gait Test. Although mediolateral postural control in PD patients remains controversial, previous studies have shown that the Tandem Gait Test may predict the risk of future falls in patients with PD. This study aimed to clarify postural control differences among PD patients with and without mediolateral balance impairments (MLBI: mediolateral balance impairments, nMLBI: non-mediolateral balance impairments, respectively) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: We recruited 40 PD patients and 20 HCs. According to the Tandem Gait Test score, PD patients were divided into MLBI and nMLBI groups. Primary outcome measures were the ambulatory movement trajectory amplitude of the center of mass and its coefficient of variation (CV) during gait. Results: Mediolateral movement trajectory amplitudes and CV were not significantly different between the nMLBI group and HCs, whereas the mediolateral movement trajectory amplitude in the MLBI group was significantly higher than that in the nMLBI group. Moreover, the CV of the mediolateral movement trajectory amplitude in the MLBI group was significantly lower than that in the nMLBI group. The mediolateral movement trajectory amplitude was significantly correlated with the fall score. Conclusions: The current results suggest that PD patients with mediolateral balance impairments showed mediolateral postural sway during gait compared with PD patients without mediolateral balance impairments. It is necessary to focus on the instabilities in the mediolateral direction to avoid falls in PD patients.

ΔHR/ΔWR derived from CPET; A novel predictor of 'off' symptom in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chronotropic incompetence (CI) is broadly defined as the inability of the heart to increase its rate commensurate with increased activity. In this study, we tried to clarify the link between CI and UPDRS part II (off-on), which was calculated by subtracting part II (on) from part II (off), in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Thirty-six hospitalized patients were examined by using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) for exercise tolerance (ΔVO2/ΔWR and peak VO2/W) and the presence of CI (ΔHR/ΔWR), and using electrocardiogram for heart rate variability. RESULTS: We originally divided the patients into three groups; Group I (ΔHR/ΔWR x100 <15) (N = 3), Group II (15≥, <60) (N = 28), Group III (>60) (N = 5). Since Group I and III were significantly smaller and older than Group II, we focused and divided into two groups; Group II CI (+), the PD patients with CI (15≤ ΔHR/ΔWR x100 <35), and Group II CI (-), those patients without that (35≤ ΔHR/ΔWR x100 <60). ΔVO2/ΔWR and peak VO2/W in CI (+) patients was lower than CI (-) (P = 0.022 and P = 0.096, respectively). HF power (parasympathetic activity) tends to be decreased, whereas LF/HF ratio (sympathetic activity) was increased in CI (+) patients as compared with CI (-). The UPDRS part II (off-on) of CI (+) patients was significantly higher than CI (-) (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: In PD patients, the difference between 'on' and 'off' in activities of daily living might be predicted by using ΔHR/ΔWR x100 obtained from CPET as an index.

Distinctive regional asymmetry in dopaminergic and serotoninergic dysfunction in degenerative Parkinsonisms.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify regional asymmetry in dopaminergic and serotoninergic dysfunction in degenerative parkinsonisms, using dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 213 consecutive participants (Parkinson's disease [n = 111], dementia with Lewy bodies [n = 64], progressive supranuclear palsy with Richardson's syndrome [n = 18], and healthy participants [n = 20]) who underwent both magnetic resonance imaging and 123I-labelled 2ß-carbomethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. Using normalized specific binding ratio images, we created voxel-wise regional asymmetry index images to identify the regional specific pattern of regional asymmetries in degenerative parkinsonisms. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with Parkinson's disease showed a regional asymmetry index increase in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, and those with dementia with Lewy bodies showed a regional asymmetry index increase confined to the bilateral caudate. Individuals with progressive supranuclear palsy exhibited a distinct regional asymmetry index increase in the pallido-subthalamic pathway. Notably, the regional asymmetry index increase in the subthalamic nucleus was significantly greater in progressive supranuclear palsy than in Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSION: The current study revealed distinctive regional asymmetry in dopaminergic and serotoninergic dysfunction in degenerative parkinsonisms. The present findings highlight the potential application of visual diagnosis in degenerative parkinsonisms.

Validation and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the Modified Parkinson Activity Scale (M-PAS).

OBJECTIVE: The Modified Parkinson Activity Scale (M-PAS) is used to identify the most important activity limitations in patients with Parkinson's disease. We developed a Japanese version of the M-PAS and evaluated its reliability and validity. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with Parkinson's disease (median age 71 years old, range 58-83) were enrolled, and two raters used the Japanese version of M-PAS to assess the subjects. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated using Cohen's weighted kappa coefficient for the total score and three domain scores; systematic error was investigated using Bland-Altman analysis. Concurrent validity of the Japanese M-PAS was measured using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Cohen's kappa coefficients for the total score and the three domain scores were in the range 0.81-0.98, and 95% confidence intervals included zero for each item, suggesting excellent agreement and no systematic errors. The scores of the Japanese version of M-PAS were significantly correlated with the scores of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II (Spearman's rho=-0.56, P <0.01) and Part III (Spearman's rho=-0.32, P <0.01). The percentage of patients with the highest and the lowest scores in the Japanese version of M-PAS suggested no ceiling or floor effects. CONCLUSION: The Japanese version of M-PAS showed excellent inter-rater reliability and good concurrent validity without ceiling or floor effects.

Inpatient Enhanced Multidisciplinary Care Effects on the Quality of Life for Parkinson Disease: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of inpatient enhanced multidisciplinary care (EMC) and multidisciplinary rehabilitation (MR) on the symptoms and quality of life (QOL) of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and to clarify the relation between reduction in symptoms and the improved QOL. METHODS: This study was a quasi-randomized controlled (alternate allocation), assessor-blinded, single-center study. We recruited 80 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 to 4, on stable medication. Patients were included in an EMC or MR group. Both rehabilitation programs were performed for 8 weeks (17 h/wk). Main outcome measures were Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. RESULTS: The EMC induced significant improvements in QOL compared to MR. We found that body axis symptoms (rising from a chair, posture, postural stability, falling, and walking) as well as nonmotor symptoms (depression) in patients with PD were relieved by the inpatient EMC. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced multidisciplinary care for patients with PD appears to be effective in improving the QOL. The improvement in motor and nonmotor symptoms, including depression, may contribute to the improved QOL.

The effect of comprehensive physiotherapy-based rehabilitation on stooped posture in Parkinson's disease.

[Purpose] The effect of physiotherapy on stooped posture in Parkinson's disease patients remains to be clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether comprehensive physiotherapy-based rehabilitation can improve stooped posture in Parkinson's disease patients. [Participants and Methods] The participants were Parkinson's disease patients with stooped posture. Outpatients were assigned to the control group and inpatients to the postural rehabilitation group. The outcomes measured were trunk bending angle, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis. Each group was assessed at baseline and 1 month later. [Results] Of 22 participants identified, 20 were included, with 10 participants in the postural rehabilitation group and 10 in the control group. The age in the postural rehabilitation group was significantly greater than that in the control group, while other parameters were comparable in both groups. After the month-long intervention, the trunk bending angle and lumbar lordosis were significantly improved in the postural rehabilitation group compared to the control group. [Conclusion] The results showed improvement in stooped posture in the postural rehabilitation group as compared to the control group. Furthermore, improvement of lumbar lordosis accompanied improvement of stooped posture. These findings suggest that comprehensive physiotherapy-based rehabilitation may improve stooped posture in Parkinson's disease patients.

Differences in neural pathways are related to the short- or long-term benefits of constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with chronic stroke and hemiparesis: a pilot cohort study.

Background No previous studies have determined how the post-stroke integrity of non-corticospinal neural pathways relates to the efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Objectives We aimed to clarify the relationship between several non-corticospinal neural pathway integrities and the short- and long-term benefits of CIMT. Methods This was a pilot cohort study (UMIN registration number: R00027136UMIN000023566), for which we enrolled 13 patients with chronic stroke and hemiparesis who had undergone CIMT. We assessed patients' motor function improvement by comparing the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scores, as well as the Amount of Use (AOU) and Quality of Movement (QOM) scales of the Motor Activity Log before, immediately after (short-term), and 6 months after (long-term) CIMT. We assessed neural pathway integrity by calculating fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion tensor images acquired before CIMT. We then assessed correlations between FA and short- and long-term post-CIMT motor function improvements. Results The patients showed significant improvements in all functional assessments at both short- and long-term follow-ups. Immediate FMA score improvements were significantly correlated with FA of the affected anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), body of the corpus callosum, column and body of the fornix (CBF), cingulate cortex (CgC), cerebral peduncle (CP), and posterior limb of the internal capsule. Six-month FMA score improvements were significantly correlated with FA of the affected ALIC, CgC, CBF, CP, and superior frontooccipital fasciculus. Conclusions The integrity of the affected corticospinal and non-corticospinal motor pathways was associated with CIMT-induced motor learning at least 6 months after CIMT.

A one-year follow-up after modified constraint-induced movement therapy for chronic stroke patients with paretic arm: a prospective case series study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the confirmed short-term effects of constraint-induced movement therapy, the long-term effects have not been sufficiently verified in terms of functional improvement of the affected arm. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term effects and relationship between arm use in activities of daily living and arm improvement with modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke patients. METHODS: At 1 year after completing modified constraint-induced movement therapy, arm function (Fugl-Meyer Assessment) and amount of daily arm use (motor activity log) were assessed. RESULTS: Fourteen post-stroke patients with mild to moderate impairment of arm function were analyzed. One year after completing modified constraint-induced movement therapy, participants consistently showed improvements in arm function and amount of daily arm use (analysis of variance: Fugl-Meyer Assessment, P < 0.001; Motor Activity Log, P < 0.001). For the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, post-hoc tests detected significant improvements (pre versus post, P = 0.009; pre versus 1 year, P < 0.0001; post versus 1 year, P < 0.036). For the Motor Activity Log, post-hoc tests also detected significant improvements (pre versus post, P = 0.0001; pre versus 1 year, P < 0.0001; post versus 1 year, P = 0.0014). The magnitude of the change in Fugl-Meyer Assessment score correlated significantly with the change in Motor Activity Log score (R = 0.778, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among post-stroke patients with mild to moderate impairments of arm function, modified constraint-induced movement therapy without any other rehabilitation after intervention may improve arm function and increase arm use for 1 year. In addition, increasing arm use may represent an important factor in improving arm function, and vice versa.

Outcome assessment of hemiparesis due to intracerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic efficacy of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy (FA) for patients with hemiparesis due to intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS: Diffusion tensor FA brain images were acquired 14-21 days after putaminal and/or thalamic hemorrhage. The ratio of FA values within the cerebral peduncles of the affected and unaffected hemispheres (rFA) was calculated for each patient (n = 40) and assessed for correlation with Brunnstrom stage (BRS, 1-6), motor component of the functional independence measure (FIM-motor, 13-91), and the total length of stay (LOS) until discharge from rehabilitation (P < .05). Ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between rFA and specific outcomes as measured by BRS range (poor, BRS 1 or 2; moderate, BRS 3 or 4; and good, BRS 5 or 6; P < .05). RESULTS: The rFA values were .571-1.043 (median, .856) and BRS scores were 1-6 (median, 4) for shoulder/elbow/forearm, 1-6 (median, 4) for hand, and 2-6 (median, 4) for lower extremities. FIM-motor scores were 58-86 (median, 78) and LOS ranged from 42 to 225 days (median, 175.5 days). Correlation coefficients were statistically significant between rFA and shoulder/elbow/forearm BRS (.696), hand BRS (.779), lower extremity BRS (.631), FIM-motor (.442), and LOS (-.598). Logistic model fit was moderate for shoulder/elbow/forearm BRS (R(2) = .221) and lower extremity BRS (R(2) = .277), but was much higher for hand BRS (R(2) = .441). CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion tensor FA values are predictive of clinical outcome from hemiparesis due to putaminal and/or thalamic hemorrhage, particularly hand function recovery.

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy After Injection of Botulinum Toxin Type A for a Patient With Chronic Stroke: One-Year Follow-up Case Report.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spasticity, an aspect of upper motor neuron syndrome, is a widespread problem in patients with stroke. To date, no study has reported the long-term (up to 1 year) outcomes of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection in combination with constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with chronic stroke. In this case report, the long-term (1 year) effects of the combination of BTX type A injection and constraint-induced movement therapy on spasticity and arm function in a patient with chronic stroke and arm paresis are described. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 66-year-old man who had had an infarction in the right posterior limb of the internal capsule 4 years before the intervention. At screening, the patient was not able to voluntarily extend his interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints beyond the 10 degrees required for constraint-induced movement therapy. From 12 days after BTX type A injection, the patient received 5 hours of constraint-induced movement therapy for 10 weekdays. OUTCOMES: All outcome measures (Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Action Research Arm Test, and amount of use scale of the Motor Activity Log) improved substantially over the 1-year period (before intervention to 1 year after intervention). Repeat BTX type A injections were not necessary because muscle tone and arm function did not worsen during the observation period. DISCUSSION: The improved arm function may have reflected improvements in volitional movements and coordination or speed of movements in the paretic arm as a result of a reduction in spasticity, a reduction of learned nonuse behaviors, or use-dependent plasticity after the combination of BTX type A injection and constraint-induced movement therapy. In addition, the possibility of an influence of the passage of time or the Hawthorne effect cannot be ruled out. If this approach proves useful in future controlled studies, it may reduce the rising medical costs of the treatment of stroke.

Relationship between diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy and long-term motor outcome in patients with hemiparesis after middle cerebral artery infarction.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy (DTI-FA) is often used to characterize neural damage after stroke. Here we assessed the relationship between DTI-FA and long-term motor outcome in patients after middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. METHODS: Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were generated from diffusion tensor brain images obtained from 16 patients 14-18 days postinfarction, and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis was applied. Regions of interest were set within the right and left corticospinal tracts, and mean FA values were extracted from individual TBSS data. Hemiparesis motor outcome was evaluated according to Brunnstrom stage (BRS: 1-6, severe-normal) for separate shoulder/elbow/forearm, hand, and lower extremity functions, as well as the motor component score of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM-motor: 13-91, null-full) 5-7 months after onset. Ratios between FA values in the affected and unaffected hemispheres (rFA) were assessed by BRS and FIM-motor scores. RESULTS: rFA values were .636-.984 (median, .883) and BRS scores were 1-6 (median, 3) for shoulder/elbow/forearm, 2-6 (median, 3) for hand, and 3-6 (median, 5) for the lower extremities. FIM-motor scores were 51-90 (median, 75). Analysis revealed significant relationships between rFA and BRS data (correlation coefficient: .687 for shoulder/elbow/forearm, .579 for hand, and .623 for lower extremities) but no significance relationship between rFA and FIM-motor scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that DTI-FA is applicable for predicting the long-term outcome of extremity functions after MCA infarction.

White matter characteristics of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a diffusion tensor tract-based spatial statistic study.

Using magnetic resonance-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we examined white matter changes within the brains of patients diagnosed with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). We analyzed data for 24 INPH patients who were presented with typical clinical symptoms (gait disturbance, dementia, and/or urinary incontinence) and Evans index > 0.3, and compared these with the control data from 21 elderly persons (≥ 60 years). DTI brain images were obtained with a 3T scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA) brain maps were generated using a computer-automated method, and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were then applied to compare the FA brain maps of the INPH and control groups in standard space. The TBSS data were further investigated using region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. ROIs were set within the corpus callosum, the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), and the cerebral peduncle in reference to a standard brain template. Compared with the control group, FA values in the INPH group were significantly lower in the corpus callosum and just significantly higher in the PLIC, but no significant differences were evident in the cerebral peduncle. The much lower FA values in the corpus callosum, but not the slightly higher FA values in the PLIC, were associated with more severe clinical symptoms such as gait disturbance. The lower FA values in the corpus callosum may offer a clue to solve the pathophysiology of INPH.

Diffusion tensor imaging predicts the outcome of constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic infarction patients with hemiplegia: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: To test whether diffusion tensor imaging could evaluate potential motor capability of patients with chronic cerebral infarction. METHODS: We used constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) as a rehabilitation, which reveals potential motor capability. We also investigated the relationship between the outcome of CIMT and the ratio between fractional anisotropy values (rFA) in affected and unaffected sites of the corticospinal tract before CIMT. Imaging was performed in cerebral infarction patients (n = 14) and the rFA of the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) was measured before CIMT. Patients were evaluated before and after CIMT using the Fugl-Meyer (F-M) assessment, Wolf Motor Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, and Motor Activity Log and association between PLIC- rFA and these scores was determined. RESULTS: All patients showed an improvement in mobility following the 10-day CIMT session. Strong positive correlation was found only between F-M after CIMT and PLIC-rFA (r = 0.8098, p = 0.0004). A strong linear relationship was observed after CIMT. CONCLUSION: These data support PLIC-rFA as a new marker of the CIMT-induced improvement in motor function (F-M).

Relationship between diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy and motor outcome in patients with hemiparesis after corona radiata infarct.

This study examined the relationship between fractional anisotropy (FA) values of magnetic resonance-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and motor outcome (1 month after onset) in 15 patients with hemiparesis after ischemic stroke of corona radiata lesions. DTI data were obtained on days 14-18. FA values within the cerebral peduncle were analyzed using a computer-automated method. Motor outcome of hemiparesis was evaluated according to Brunnstrom stage (BRS; 6-point scale: severe to normal) for separate shoulder/elbow/forearm, wrist/hand, and lower extremity functions. The ratio of FA values in the affected hemisphere to those in the unaffected hemisphere (rFA) was assessed in relation to the BRS data (Spearman rank correlation test, P<.05). rFA values ranged from .715 to 1.002 (median=.924). BRS ranged from 1 to 6 (median=4) for shoulder/elbow/forearm, from 1 to 6 (median=5) for wrist/hand, and from 2 to 6 (median=4) for the lower extremities. Analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between rFA and upper extremity functions (correlation coefficient=.679 for shoulder/elbow/forearm and .706 for wrist/hand). Although slightly less evident, the relationship between rFA and lower extremity function was also statistically significant (correlation coefficient=.641). FA values within the cerebral peduncle are moderately associated with the outcome of both upper and lower extremity functions, suggesting that DTI may be applicable for outcome prediction in stroke patients with corona radiata infarct.

Relationship between diffusion-tensor fractional anisotropy and long-term outcome in patients with hemiparesis after intracerebral hemorrhage.

We assessed the relationship between fractional anisotropy (FA) values of magnetic resonance-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and long-term outcome (3-7 months after onset) in patients with hemiparesis after intracerebral hemorrhage (N = 12). DTI data were obtained on days 14-18. FA values within the cerebral peduncle were analyzed using a computer-automated method. Motor outcome of hemiparesis was evaluated using Brunnstrom stage (six-point scale: severe to normal) for separate shoulder/elbow/forearm, wrist/hand, and lower extremity functions when patients were discharged from a long-term rehabilitation facility 3-7 months after onset. In addition, the motor component of the functional independence measure (FIM-motor) was scored. The ratio of FA values in the affected hemisphere to those in the unaffected hemisphere (rFA) was assessed in relation to the clinical data (Spearman's rank correlation test, P < 0.05). Analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between rFA and upper extremity function (R = 0.863 for shoulder/elbow/forearm; 0.834 for wrist/hand). Although statistically significant, the relationship between rFA and lower extremity function was less evident (R = 0.609). In contrast, analysis of rFA and FIM-motor scores did not reveal statistical significance. FA values within the cerebral peduncle are tightly associated with long-term outcomes of upper extremity function.

A 6-month follow-up after constraint-induced movement therapy with and without transfer package for patients with hemiparesis after stroke: a pilot quasi-randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effects of the 'transfer package' in constraint-induced movement therapy, which is an optional protocol to facilitate actual use of the trained affected arm in activities of daily living. DESIGN: A pilot quasi-randomized controlled trial with a blinded single assessor with six-month follow-up. SETTING: Hospitalized care at university hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one post-stroke patients were quasi-randomized to either a group with transfer package during constraint-induced movement therapy or a control group (without transfer package). INTERVENTIONS: The transfer package group received 4.5 hours of intensive task training and 0.5 hours of transfer package whereas the control group received 5.0 hours of intensive task training per day during 10 consecutive weekdays. MAIN MEASURES: Arm function was measured with Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Amount of Use score of Motor Activity Log. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were quasi-randomized, but data from two patients were missing from the long-term follow-up. Both groups showed increase in arm function postintervention. However, at six months' follow-up only the transfer package group showed consistent increase in arm function (with transfer package group versus control group; Fugl-Meyer Assessment, mean (± SD) from 48.6 ± 7.8 (preintervention) to 55.7 ± 4.5 (postintervention) and 59.0 ± 3.6 (six months postintervention) versus from 49.1 ± 5.5 to 52.8 ± 6.0 and 53.3 ± 4.9, P= 0.003; Amount of Use scale of Motor Activity Log, mean from 1.3 ± 0.55 (preintervention) to 2.12 ± 0.55 (postintervention) and 2.79 ± 0.98 (six months postintervention) versus from 1.18 ± 0.70 to 1.61 ± 0.54 and 1.65 ± 0.68, P= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the long-term effects of the transfer package in constraint-induced movement therapy.

Diffusion tensor imaging in elderly patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus or Parkinson's disease: diagnosis of gait abnormalities.

BACKGROUND: Gait abnormalities in the elderly, characterized by short steps and frozen gait, can be caused by several diseases, including idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH), and Parkinson's disease (PD). We analyzed the relationship between these two conditions and their association with gait abnormalities using laboratory test data and findings from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: The study involved 10 patients with INPH, 18 with PD, and 10 healthy individuals (control group). Fractional anisotropy (FA) of five brain areas was measured and compared among the three groups. In addition, the association of INPH and PD with gait capability, frontal lobe function, and FA of each brain area was evaluated. RESULTS: The INPH group had significantly lower FA for anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) and forceps minor (Fmin) as compared to the PD group. The gait capability correlated with ATR FA in the INPH and PD groups. We found that adding DTI to the diagnosis assisted the differential diagnosis of INPH from PD, beyond what could be inferred from ventricular size alone. CONCLUSIONS: We expect that DTI will provide a useful tool to support the differential diagnosis of INPH and PD and their respective severities.

Diffusion tensor imaging of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a voxel-based fractional anisotropy study.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using a 3.0 tesla magnetic resonance scanner was used to investigate white matter changes caused by idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) in 10 patients diagnosed by clinical symptoms (gait disturbance, dementia, and/or urinary incontinence) and Evans index >0.3, and compared with findings for 10 age-matched controls (≥60 years). Then, using a computer-automated method, fractional anisotropy (FA) brain maps were generated and finally transformed into the standard space. Voxel-based FA values within two regions of interests (ROIs), the forceps minor and corticospinal tracts, were then separately evaluated. Within each ROI, statistical comparisons of results from the INPH and control groups were performed. In addition, for INPH patients, grading scores for clinical symptoms and FA values were correlated. The forceps minor mean FA value was much smaller for the INPH group (0.504) than for the control group (0.631). The corticospinal tract mean FA value was slightly smaller for the INPH group (0.588) than for the control group (0.632). Additional analyses indicated that lower FA values within the forceps minor tended to be associated with clinical symptoms such as urinary incontinence and gait disturbance. Our findings indicate FA values decreased in the forceps minor of INPH patients. We also found that lower values were associated with severer clinical symptoms, implying that DTI techniques may be developed for more accurate diagnosis.